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Invented tradition
The invention of tradition is a concept made prominent in the eponymous 1983 book edited by E. J. Hobsbawm and T. O. Ranger. In their Introduction the editors argue that many "traditions" which "appear or claim to be old are often quite recent in origin and sometimes invented."〔Hobsbawm & Ranger (1983), p. 1.〕 They distinguish the "invention" of traditions in this sense from "starting" or "initiating" a tradition which does not then claim to be old. The phenomenon is particularly clear in the modern development of the nation and of nationalism, creating a national identity promoting national unity, and legitimising certain institutions or cultural practices.〔The articles in the volume include Hugh Trevor-Roper's "The invention of tradition: the Highland tradition of Scotland," Prys Morgan's "From a death to a view: the hunt for the Welsh past in the romantic period," David Cannadine's "The context, performance and meaning of ritual: the British monarchy and the 'invention of tradition', c. 1820-1977," Bernard S. Cohen's "Representing authority in Victorian India," Terence Ranger's "The invention of tradition in colonial Africa," and Eric Hobsbawm's "Mass-producing traditions: Europe, 1870-1914."〕
==Application of the term and paradox==
The concept and the term have been widely applied to cultural phenomena such as the Bible and Zionism,〔Nur Masalha, ''The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel''(London; New York: Zed Books 2007). , ISBN 978-1-84277-761-9)〕 the martial arts of Japan,〔Stephen Vlastos, ed., ''Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. ISBN〕 the "highland myth" in Scotland,〔M. Sievers, (Highland Myth as an Invented Tradition of 18th and 19th Century and Its Significance for the Image of Scotland'' ) (GRIN Verlag, 2007), ISBN 3-638-81651-6, pp. 22-5.〕 and the traditions of major religions, to mention only a few. The concept was influential on the use of related concepts, such as Benedict Anderson's imagined communities and the pizza effect.
One implication of the term is that the sharp distinction between "tradition" and "modernity" is often itself invented. The concept is "highly relevant to that comparatively recent historical innovation, the 'nation,' with its associated phenomena: nationalism, the nation-state, national symbols, histories, and the rest." Hobsbawm and Ranger remark on the "curious but understandable paradox: modern nations and all their impedimenta generally claim to be the opposite of novel, namely rooted in remotest antiquity, and the opposite of constructed, namely human communities so 'natural' as to require no definition other than self-assertion."〔Masuzawa (2005), p. 14.〕 Another implication is that the concept of "authenticity" is also to be questioned.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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